Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.

Beneath the rind: A review on the remarkable health benefits and applications of the wood apple fruit.

Limonia acidissima Groff, commonly referred to as the Wood apple, is a tropical fruit belonging to Rutaceae family. Indigenous to Sri Lanka, India, and Myanmar, it is extensively cultivated throughout Southeast Asia. This fruit holds a profound historical significance in traditional medicine due to its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic attributes. Wood apple pulp is significantly abundant in ß-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, and contains a substantial amount of vitamin B, including riboflavin and thiamine, as well as trace amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Moreover health-benefitting properties associated with L. acidissima, such as, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spermatogenic, analgesic, antiulcer, and antihyperlipidemic properties, are attributed to a diverse range of phytochemicals. These encompass polyphenolic compounds, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, triterpenoids, coumarins, amino acids, tyramine derivatives, and vitamins. From the findings of the various studies, it was observed that wood apple fruit shows significant anticancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer. Furthermore, wood apple finds wide-ranging commercial applications in the formulation of ready-to-serve beverages, syrups, jellies, chutneys, and various other food products. In summary, this review highlights the nutritional and phytochemical constituents of wood apple, depicts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic capabilities, and explores its potential in value-added product development. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the molecular mechanisms supporting these properties remain an underexplored domain. To ensure the safe integration of wood apple fruit into the realms of the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors, rigorous clinical trials, including toxicity assessments, are required. These endeavors hold the potential to promote innovation and contribute significantly to both research and industrial sectors.

Case Report on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Presenting As Lemierre's Syndrome: A Reemerging Catastrophe.

Lemierre's syndrome is characterized by internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis and bacteremia, primarily from anaerobic organisms. The condition usually arises after a recent oropharyngeal infection. Young, healthy people with prolonged pharyngitis that progresses into septicemia, pneumonia, or lateral neck stiffness should be suspected of having Lemierre's syndrome. Identifying internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis and developing anaerobic bacterial growth on blood culture are frequently used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment consists of long-term antibiotic treatment, sometimes in conjunction with anticoagulant medication. In this case report, we describe the unique case of a 29-year-old male with Mycobacterium tuberculosis with pulmonary tuberculosis, tubercular meningitis, tuberculosis-related acute ischemic stroke with septic thrombophlebitis. The patient presented with sudden onset altered sensorium for 4 hours. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was done, which suggested obstructive hydrocephalus with periventricular ooze. The patient was started on antibacillary treatment, antibiotics, anticoagulants, and systemic steroids. The patient was vitally stable when he was discharged. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the likelihood of such atypical tuberculosis presentations while providing a prompt and relevant diagnosis and recommending the right course of therapy.

Clinical Biomarkers of Acute Vaso-Occlusive Sickle Cell Crisis.

It is known that an inherited blood condition called sickle cell disease (SCD) is a result of one gene. A number of blood and urine biomarkers have been determined in association with lab and clinical history for SCD patients. SCD has numerous interacting pathways associated with it, which have been identified by biomarkers. These mechanisms consist of some examples, such as endothelial vasodilation response, hypercoagulability, hemolysis, inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and reperfusion injury among others. To effectively manage SCD, a comprehensive panel of validated blood and urine biomarkers must be established. Despite its monogenic inheritance, the complex nature of the SCD phenotype has impeded progress in its treatment. However, significant strides have been made in clinical biotechnology, paving the way for potential breakthroughs. In SCD, a panel of verified blood and urine biomarkers must be established, however. Despite monogenic inheritance, the great complexity of the SCD phenotype has hindered progress in its management. With few exceptions, clinical biomarkers of illness severity have been found through epidemiological investigations; nevertheless, systematic integration of these biomarkers into clinical treatment algorithms has not occurred. Furthermore, sickle cell crisis, the primary acute consequence of SCD, has been difficult to diagnose with the biomarkers now in use. Inadequate care and a lack of appropriate outcome measures for clinical research are the consequences of these diagnostic constraints. A new chapter in SCD customized treatment has begun with recent advancements in molecular and imaging diagnostics. Strategies in precision medicine are especially relevant now that molecular therapies are within reach. The significance of biochemical indicators linked to clinical manifestation and sub-phenotype identification in SCD is reviewed in this research.

Polymorphism of growth hormone (GH) gene and its association with performance and body conformation of Harnali sheep.

The present study was carried out to study the polymorphism in the GH gene and its association with various performance and body conformation traits, viz., birth weight (B-WT), weaning weight (W-WT), six-month body weight (6 M-WT), one-year body weight (Y-WT), annual greasy fleece weight (AGFW), body length (BL), body height (BH), heart girth (HG) and paunch girth (PG) in 138 Harnali sheep. PCR-RFLP was performed to identify polymorphism in the targeted region of the GH gene. The PCR product of 422 bp size of the GH gene was amplified encompassing partial exon 2 and inton 3 in Harnali sheep. The PCR product was digested with HaeIII restriction enzyme for the detection of Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The digested products revealed the presence of two genotypes, i.e. AA and AB in the studied population. A > G mutation (A781G) was observed in our resource population. The AA genotype was found to be the predominant genotype (0.62). Chi square value revealed that resource population was not under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to target locus. Period of birth was found to have significant effect on W-WT, Y-WT, BL, BH and PG. Sex of animal was found to have significant (P < 0.05) effect on W-WT and highly significant (P < 0.01) effect on 6 M-WT, Y-WT and AGFW in Harnali sheep. The effect of genotype was found to be significant (P < 0.05) on annual greasy fleece weight. AB genotype was found to be associated with higher annual greasy fleece weight and can be used as a potential candidate marker in selection criteria for improving greasy fleece weight in Harnali sheep.

Black Digits Matter: A Multispecialty Enigma.

Introduction Digital ischemia is alike any other visceral ischemic event leading to severe tissue damage ultimately causing necrosis of the involved extremity. It's like a preview of the upcoming systemic disorder and can present itself in any specialty and hence everyone, be it a physician or a surgeon must be primed toward how to proceed with a case of digital ischemia. In this case series, we present six such cases that presented with digital ischemic events either as a sole presentation or were followed by other systemic manifestations that led to their evaluation and ultimately the etiology behind it. Material and method Patients visiting Rheumatology OPD with complaints suggestive of digital ischemia were included in this study. All patients underwent thorough history taking and clinical examination to establish the cause of digital ischemia. Patients with probable infective, trauma, cardiac, and drug-induced causes and malignancies were excluded. As per probable autoimmune causes, patients underwent evaluation via antinuclear antibodies by immunofluorescence (ANA by IF), antiphospholipid antibodies like lupus anticoagulant (LAC), anticardiolipin antibodies (AcL) and anti Beta2GP1 antibodies, extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) and in cases of suspected vasculitis doppler ultrasound and angiography.  Results Six patients were identified as cases primarily presenting with digital ischemia or with a prior history of digital ischemia. Two patients were of the pediatric age group, one 16-year-old male presenting with acute arthritis and a history of digital ischemia one year back, and the other was a 12-year-old female with blackening of the second toe in her left foot with a history of similar complaints in the left great toe for which she underwent amputation of that toe. Other four cases were of the adult age group, with two cases of scleroderma, one with systemic lupus erythematosus, and one with Takayasu arteritis. All of these patients primarily presented to departments other than rheumatology. Conclusion Digital ischemia is a pan-specialty problem with the etiologies spreading across a vast spectrum of rheumatological disorders, many of which may present to different specialties initially, later discovered to be part of the systemic manifestation of autoimmune diseases. Hence, it becomes imperative to have a rheumatological perspective in these cases of digital ischemia which all specialities should be aware of, and timely referral may prevent permanent loss of the digits and in some cases the entire limb.

Surviving a Rare Case: Successful Endovascular Treatment for Multiple Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis With Dural Arteriovenous Fistula.

Vascular anomalies known as dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) occur when arteries that emerge from carotid or vertebral artery branches empty straight into the dural venous sinuses. A 16-year-old male patient at the center of this case study initially arrived at the hospital with symptoms of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and headaches accompanied by vomiting, followed by right-sided hemiparesis and subsequently left-sided hemiparesis. An MRI brain with MR angiography was performed, revealing an abnormal fistulous connection between the sigmoid and transverse sinus and the branches of the bilateral external carotid and right internal carotid artery. Embolization was performed using a mixture of glue and lipoid to address the issue.

A Clinical Review and Experience of Splenic Trauma in North India: A Retrospective Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: The spleen is one of the frequently injured solid organs in abdominal blunt trauma. The standard of care is nonoperative nowadays depending on the hemodynamic stability (World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) grade I-III) of the patient due to advancements in treating modalities. Operative interventions are required in hemodynamically unstable patients or failure of nonoperative management. The study was planned to find the clinical spectrum of abdominal blunt trauma, specifically those having splenic trauma, and their subsequent management in an institution. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study. All included patients with blunt abdominal injuries were treated in a level 1 trauma center between July 2021 and December 2022. Data regarding demographic profile, blood transfusion, pre- and postoperative findings, and management including the period of hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-four patients were analyzed, of which 142 were males and 22 were females. The commonest mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collision, followed by falls. Grade III splenic injury was the most common injury, while the predominantly associated injury was rib fracture. The patients were managed preferably through nonoperative management, followed by angioembolization and operative management. The commonest postoperative complication was pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Nonoperative management of splenic trauma has evolved as the standard of care replacing operative management in order to sustain its immune function, thereby preventing overwhelming post-splenectomy infection.

A Case Report of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans and Refractory Hypomagnesemia: Unveiling a Paraneoplastic Syndrome.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, locally aggressive soft tissue sarcoma of the skin. DFSP typically presents as an asymptomatic, firm plaque in its earliest stage, gradually enlarging over months to years. This case report delineates a singular instance involving a 66-year-old female patient previously diagnosed with and treated for DFSP. The individual presented with a recurrent history of hospital admissions, manifesting symptoms of loose stools, generalised weakness, and diminished appetite. Investigations revealed persistent hypomagnesemia. The patient was treated with magnesium correction. Eventually, all complaints were resolved, and the patient was discharged satisfactorily. This case report aims to elucidate an exceptional correlation between DFSP and hypomagnesemia, characterised as its paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS). This study intends to comprehensively outline the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions pertaining to this distinct association.

Optimizing alkali-pretreatment dosage for waste-activated sludge disintegration and enhanced biogas production yield.

The rapid transition towards modernization and industrialization led to an increase in urban population, resulting in paramount challenge to municipal sewage sludge management. Anaerobic digestion (AD) serves as a promising venue for energy recovery from waste-activated sludge (WAS). Addressing the challenge of breaking down floc structures and microbial cells is crucial for releasing extracellular polymeric substances and cytoplasmic macromolecules to facilitate hydrolysis and fermentation process. The present study aims to introduce a combined process of alkaline/acid pre-treatments and AD to enhance sludge digestion and biogas production. The study investigates the influence of alkali pretreatment at ambient temperature using four alkali reagents (NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, and KOH). The primary goal is to provide insights into the intricate interplay of alkali dosages (0.04-0.12 g/gTS) on key physic-chemical parameters crucial for optimizing the pre-treatment dosage. Under the optimized alkaline/acid pre-treatment condition, the TSS reduction of 18%-30% was achieved. An increase in sCOD concentration (24%-50%) signifies the enhanced hydrolysis and solubilization rate of organic substrate in WAS. Finally, the biomethane potential test (BMPT) was performed for pre-treated WAS samples. The maximum methane (CH4) yield was observed in combination A1 (244 mL/g) and D1 (253 mL/g), demonstrating the pivotal role of alkali optimization in enhancing AD efficiency. This study serves as a valuable resource to policymakers, researchers, and technocrats in addressing challenges associated to sludge management.

Concurrent Challenges in Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Complicating Beta-Thalassemia Major: A Case Report.

This case report highlights the uncommon idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) complicating beta-thalassemia major, presenting a diagnostic and management challenge. Beta-thalassemia major, characterized by impaired beta-globin synthesis, necessitates regular blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy. HES, a rare disorder marked by persistent eosinophilia, adds complexity to the clinical course. We present the case of a 27-year-old male with beta-thalassemia major who developed fever, weakness, and weight loss and was subsequently diagnosed with HES. Treatment involved antibiotics, blood transfusions, and corticosteroids, leading to clinical improvement. This case underscores the need to further understand the relationship between thalassemia and eosinophilia and the importance of comprehensive evaluation in patients with overlapping hematological disorders.

Metronidazole-Induced Acute Cerebellitis in a Young Patient: Unusual Onset, Delayed Remission, and Characteristic Imaging Features.

Metronidazole-induced acute cerebellitis is an exceptionally rare condition resulting from severe adverse reactions to metronidazole, a medication generally employed in the management of infections caused by anaerobic microbes. Although neuropathy has been linked to metronidazole use, reports of acute cerebellitis are infrequent. The neurological effects associated with metronidazole can include weakness, dysarthria, postural instability, seizures, giddiness, vertigo, ataxia, confusion, encephalopathy, headaches, and tremors. The onset of cerebellitis can vary, occurring as early as one day or after several weeks of metronidazole treatment. This article presents a case of a young girl who presented to us with weakness in both upper and lower limbs, dysarthria, and postural instability after exposure to 12 grams of metronidazole (suicidal, 30 tablets of 400 mg). With the above-mentioned complaints, the patient was advised of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, which showed the features of cerebellitis.

Enteric Fever Presenting With Complete Heart Block (CHB): A Rare Case of Reversible Arrhythmia.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is the causative agent of enteric fever, commonly called "typhoid". This fever can be mistaken for a variety of other febrile disorders. It is an endemic sickness, especially in developing nations. Enteric fever typically manifests with fever, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptoms, making it a diagnostic challenge due to its broad clinical spectrum. Enteric fever also affects various other systems, causing complications, amongst which the cardiovascular system is no exception. Complications in the cardiovascular system may range from myocarditis to cardiomyopathy and various arrhythmias. This case report describes a case of a 28-year-old male who presented to us with fever and giddiness. Examination revealed profound bradycardia and electrocardiography (ECG) revealed features of a complete heart block (CHB). Investigations for fever confirmed enteric fever. This case report highlights one of the rarest complications of enteric fever.

Unveiling Rare Complications: Pancreatic Pseudocysts and Monomicrobial Non-neutrocytic Bacterascites in Decompensated Cirrhosis.

One frequent side effect of chronic pancreatitis is pancreatic pseudocyst. Abdominal pain and vomiting are common complaints that the patient presents with. However, atypical manifestations of pancreatic pseudocyst still confound medical professionals worldwide, making identification challenging and ultimately increasing the risk of fatal consequences. We describe the case of a 41-year-old man who had decompensated liver cirrhosis linked to alcohol intake. The patient presented with dysphagia and yellowish skin discolouration, which, upon further investigation, turned out to be peripancreatic pseudocysts extending into the mediastinum. Diagnostic challenges arose due to the rare occurrence of a pancreatic pseudocyst located in the mediastinum. Patient was treated with a culture-sensitive antibiotic and on follow up he was doing well.

Insect protein-based composite film incorporated with E. purpurea-based nanoparticles augmented the storage stability of parmesan cheese.

The objective of this study was to prepare an insect protein-based composite film containing plant extract-based nanoparticles to augment the lipid and microbial stability of cheese. An ultrasonication-mediated green method of synthesis was followed to develop the nanoparticles using E. purpurea flower extract (EP-NPs). The film was developed using locust protein (Loc-Pro) and different levels of EP-NPs [2.0% (T3), 1.5% (T2), 1.0% (T1), and 0.0% (T0)]. It was characterised and evaluated for efficacy using parmesan cheese (Par-Che) as a model system stored for 90 days (4 ± 1 °C). The addition of EP-NPs markedly enhanced the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Loc-Pro-based film as indicated by the results of radical-scavenging activity (ABTS and DPPH), total-flavonoid and total-phenolic contents, ion-reducing potential (FRAP), and inhibitory halos (mm). It also increased (P < 0.05) the density (g/ml), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) and reduced (P < 0.05) the WVTR (mg/m2t), transparency (%) and lightness (L*) of the Loc-Pro-based film. The film incorporated with EP-NPs showed a marked desirable impact on protein oxidation, lipid stability, microbial quality and antioxidant potential of Par-Che during 90 days of storage. While cheese samples without any film showed mean values of 2.24 mg malondialdehyde/kg, 0.79% oleic acid, 1.22 nm/mg protein, 2.52 log CFU/g and 1.24 log CFU/g on day 90 for TBARS, FFA, total carbonyl content, total plate count and psychrophilic count, samples within T3 films showed significantly lower values of 1.82, 0.67, 0.81, 2.15, and 0.81, respectively. A positive impact of the Loc-Pro-based film was found on the sensory characteristics of Par-Che. Both the Loc-Pro-based film and the digestion simulation improved the radical-scavenging activity and ion-reducing potential of the Par-Che. Our results indicate the potential of Loc-Pro-based film as a means to enhance the storage quality of cheese.

Environmentally dependent and independent control of 3D cell shape.

How cancer cells determine their shape in response to three-dimensional (3D) geometric and mechanical cues is unclear. We develop an approach to quantify the 3D cell shape of over 60,000 melanoma cells in collagen hydrogels using high-throughput stage-scanning oblique plane microscopy (ssOPM). We identify stereotypic and environmentally dependent changes in shape and protrusivity depending on whether a cell is proximal to a flat and rigid surface or is embedded in a soft environment. Environmental sensitivity metrics calculated for small molecules and gene knockdowns identify interactions between the environment and cellular factors that are important for morphogenesis. We show that the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) TIAM2 contributes to shape determination in environmentally independent ways but that non-muscle myosin II, microtubules, and the RhoGEF FARP1 regulate shape in ways dependent on the microenvironment. Thus, changes in cancer cell shape in response to 3D geometric and mechanical cues are modulated in both an environmentally dependent and independent fashion.

16S-Metagenomic data profiling of the bacterial community in ready-to-eat vegetable salads sold in Kampala, Uganda.

This article presents a dataset on bacterial community structure associated with Ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetable salads sold in Kampala City, Uganda. The Illumina Miseq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicon unveiled the bacterial communities and generated a metagenomic library from RTE vegetable salads to understand the diversities and distribution. The metagenome contained a total of 23,805 sequences with 35,420 Taxonomic units (OTUs). Metagenome sequence information is obtainable at NCBI under the Bioproject assigned accession number PRJNA1064313. Taxonomic hits distribution from VSEARCH analysis at phylum level classification of NN-3 discovered predominantly Proteobacteria (65.34%) followed by Firmicutes (31.60%) and Bacteroidota (0.14%). Deinococcota (0.01%) and Planctomycetota (0.01%) were also detected. Also, VSEARCH-assisted analysis of NN-4 detected a higher prevalence of Firmicutes (65.68%) than Proteobacteria (33.25%), while Bacteroidota (0.04%) indicating the presence of contaminants of faecal sources.

Revealing Non-ketotic Hyperglycemia as a Trigger for Hemichorea-Hemiballismus in Uncontrolled Diabetic Asthmatics: A Case Report.

Uncontrolled diabetes can trigger a movement disorder called hemichorea-hemiballismus, characterized by non-ketotic hyperglycemia-related chorea/ballism and usually reversible basal ganglia abnormalities on CT and/or MRI. The condition is diagnosed clinically and is mostly based on radiological imaging. Here, we report a case of a 68-year-old female presenting with right-sided and facial involuntary movements owing to uncontrolled hyperglycemia who was treated with antidiabetic and anticholinergic medications. The patient responded well to the treatment and showed a favorable outcome with no complications.

Design, synthesis, and docking study of saccharin N-triazolyl glycoconjugates.

To achieve better-repurposed motifs, saccharin has been merged with biocompatible sugar molecules via a 1,2,3-triazole linker, and ten novel 1,2,3-triazole-appended saccharin glycoconjugates were developed in good yield by utilizing modular CuAAC click as regioselective triazole forming tool. The docking study indicated that the resulting hybrid molecules have an overall substantial interaction with the CAXII macromolecule. Moreover, the galactose triazolyl saccharin analogue 3h has a binding energy of -8.5 kcal/mol with 5 H-bonds, and xylosyl 1,2,3-triazolyl saccharin analogue 3d has a binding energy of -8.2 kcal/mol with 6 H-bond interactions and have exhibited the highest binding interaction with the macromolecule system.

Biostimulatory effects of boar seminal gel, saliva and semen on sexual behavior of young boars, gilts and sows.

The present study aimed to identify novel biostimulatory compounds in boar seminal gel (SG), saliva and semen using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The bio-stimulatory effect of SG, SG + saliva and SG + semen on young boar for semen collection as well were employed to study bio-stimulatory effects on gilts and sows. Distilled water (DW) exposure was kept as control. SG, saliva and semen were screened for total 105, 96 and 89 compounds. The highest concentration was of alkanes followed by sugar alcohols, then hydrocarbons, amino acids and fatty acids. Elaidic acid was the novel compound identified in pigs. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) number of males got trained in exposure to SG (80%), SG + saliva (75%) and SG + semen (75%) than control (0%). The time (hrs) taken by young boars to get trained on exposure to combination of SG + saliva (244 ± 22.19) and SG + semen (216 ± 13.14) was lesser (p < 0.05) than SG (356 ± 61.85) alone. Interval (hrs) from initiation of exposure for exhibition of different sexual behaviour by males on exposure to SG, saliva and semen was lesser (p < 0.05) than control. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher number of females showed estrus response to exposure of SG (72.72%), SG + saliva (69.23%) and SG + semen (76.92%) than control (0). Interval (hrs) taken to exhibit estrus was shorter (p < 0.05) in females exposed to SG + saliva (201.88 ± 12.66), SG + semen (198.20 ± 9.42) than SG (262.14 ± 20.06) alone. Interval (hrs) for exhibition of different sexual behaviour by females on exposure to SG + saliva and SG + semen was lesser (p < 0.05) than control. In conclusion, novel compounds were identified in boar seminal gel, saliva and semen with biostimulatory properties have been identified in boar SG, saliva and semen. The combined exposure of SG with saliva and semen has more intense biostimulation effect than SG alone for training of young boars and estrus induction in gilts and sows. Such compounds biostimulatory effects can be exploited for augmenting reproductive efficiency in pigs.